Locke developed the idea known as discrepancy theory. While luthen 1998 suggested important parameters related to job satisfaction. Job satisfaction scales vary in the extent to which they assess the affective feelings about the job or the cognitive assessment of the job. Further, the theory states that how much one values a given. An overview of employee job satisfaction introduction human resource is considered to be the most valuable asset in any organisation. Discrepancy theory a theory that job satisfaction stems from the discrepancy from commerce 2ba3 at mcmaster university. The concept of job satisfaction is multifaceted hence a number of theories are advanced to explain what it means and how the theories could be applied to. Discrepancy theory focuses on a combination of personality. This theory suggests that a persons job satisfaction comes from what they feel is important rather than the fulfillment or unfulfillment of their needs. What are the different theories of job satisfaction. Chapter2 an overview of employee job satisfaction introduction. Another theory is the job characteristics model, probably one of the most job focused theories of job satisfaction used.
The effect of promotion and compensation toward working. Abraham maslows hierarchy of needs on the needs fulfillment theory has already been discussed in the section of motivation. Lockes range of affect theory 1976 is arguably the most famous job satisfaction model. It has been accepted for inclusion in scripps senior theses by an authorized administrator of scholarship. Theories of job satisfaction free download as word doc. A miniature difference sets out job satisfaction as being high and a huge difference would mean the employee is less satisfied with the job. Oct 05, 2015 the satisfaction turnover relationship also is affected by alternative job prospects. Determinants of job satisfaction among teachers in vietnam. This led to the development of the discrepancy theory of job satisfaction.
A theory about job satisfaction is the discrepancy theory, and was first pioneered by porter in 1961. The measurement of job satisfaction as a social indicator may have three roles. The relationship between work environment and job satisfaction in hotel industry iii declaration we hereby declare that. Facetfree primary data are obtained when the respondent is asked to indicate his. Lawler 1994 categorized the theories of job satisfaction in four conceptual frameworks. The theory suggests that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what an employee is getting from the job. Self discrepancy theory over the years many different facets of the self or selfimages have been identified. The concept of discrepancy theory is to explain the ultimate source of anxiety and dejection.
Jun 12, 20 theories of job satisfaction each theory of job satisfaction takes intoaccount one or more of the four maindeterminants of job satisfaction and specifies,in more detail, what causes one worker to besatisfied with a job and another to bedissatisfied. Disconfirmation theory argues that satisfaction is related to the size and. Lockes 1969 opinion stated as discrepancy theory, suggests that job satisfaction grows out of the feeling that what things the individual think as important for himself, not meeting the need of the individual. Joitmc free fulltext the effects of job mismatch on. As well, to study the effects of employee job dissatisfaction on organizational performance and lastly, was to identify ways to reduce job dissatisfaction in tpf. On the other hand, facet measurements have questions or items for these different areas and provides one score to represent each area. This technique became a distinguished and worth noting rationalization of job satisfaction in light of proof that job satisfaction stays stable over time and from careers and jobs. Job satisfaction job satisfaction describes how content. The importance of job satisfaction management essay.
Pdf several theories have been proposed to view this attitude of. Lockes 1976 advanced job satisfaction theory considers it to be someones good or bad emotion as the evaluation of job experience. Pdf in this chapter we present the versatility of discrepancy theory in the. According to seashore and iaber 1975, there are two major factors influencing job.
Another important factorvariable that should be included to predict job satisfaction accurately is the strength of the individuals desire of his level of aspiration in a particular area. It has been accepted for inclusion in dissertations by an authorized administrator of scholarworks at wmu. Another wellknown job satisfaction theory is the dispositional theory. Different theories have been improved about job satisfaction. If there is a discrepancy between expectations and the products perceived performance, the dissonance will not fail to appear. V 1983, the personenvironment fit model and the study of job stress, human stress.
Self discrepancy theory argues that people have low job satisfaction when there is a gap between the expectations placed on them at work and how they actually perform. Locke 1969 explains that job satisfaction depends on the discrepancy between the person should be. The municipality provided a free car, a certain amount of. The concept of job satisfaction is multifaceted hence a number of theories are advanced to explain what it means and how the theories could be applied to enhance employee performance. There is strong evidence that satisfaction with ones pay is high when there is a small gap between the pay received and the perception of how much pay should be received. Taber university of michigan conceptions of job satisfaction until very recently have been largely psychological and individualistic in orientation. A comparison requires that each individual establish an anchor, have a contextdependent state of nature to compare to the anchor, realize individual expectations or perceptions. Discrepancy theory a theory that job satisfaction stems from. Life satisfaction multiple discrepancy discrepancy theory historic antecedent. Various theories have attempted to explain job satisfaction. Fulfilment theory schaffer has argued that job satisfaction will vary directly with the extent. Theories of job satisfaction each theory of job satisfaction takes intoaccount one or more of the four maindeterminants of job satisfaction and specifies,in more detail, what causes one worker to besatisfied with a job and another to bedissatisfied. It is the sumtotal of inherent abilities, aptitudes of the employed persons who comprise executives, supervisors and the rank and file employees.
Research paper the influence of engagement in decision. His theory is known as the opponent process theory. Our new crystalgraphics chart and diagram slides for powerpoint is a collection of over impressively designed datadriven chart and editable diagram s guaranteed to impress any audience. Motivation and emotionbook2019job satisfaction wikiversity. Completely developed discrepancy theory approaches to satisfaction lawler, 1973.
We base our analysis on lockes discrepancy theory locke 1969 by which individuals job satisfaction. Pdf discrepancy theory models of satisfaction in is research. In employeesatisfaction discrepancy theory, re searchers adopted a goalachievement gap premise and suggested that an individual employee s satisfaction is a function of the perceived gap be. Job satisfaction therefore is a measurement of job and work expectations and not just an overall holistic attitudinal manifestation. Affective job satisfaction is a subjective construct representing an emotional feeling individuals have about their job. Job satisfaction indicators and deep blue university of michigan. The idea that people who are happy in life are happy in their job is the basic underlying principle of this theory. Job satisfaction or employee satisfaction is a measure of workers contentedness with their job. Chart and diagram slides for powerpoint beautifully designed chart and diagram s for powerpoint with visually stunning graphics and animation effects. Job satisfaction and motivation of teachers of public. Models of job satisfaction affect theory organizational. Discrepancy theory models of satisfaction in is research. Mcclelland, dc 1961 the achieving societies new york. Porter measure job satisfaction a person by calculating the difference between what should have been the perceived reality.
The facet model herzbergs motivatorhygiene theory the discrepancy model the steadystate theory. The literature on police officers job satisfaction to date has focused primarily on individual officers demographic characteristics, while a few recent studies have demonstrated that officers job task characteristics are a principal source of job satisfaction. Index terms job satisfaction, need for achievement, need for. Employee satisfaction with productivity, performance, and customer satisfaction pdf. Job satisfaction can be measured in cognitive evaluative, affective or emotional, and behavioral components. The self discrepancy theory was the first to assign specific emotions and affects to the disparity. The basis of discrepancy theory derived satisfaction is the cognitive comparison on the part of an individual.
This model lists five features of a job that can affect a person, three of which skill variety, task identity, task significance can affect an employees perception of how meaningful the work is. In finding relevant literature on job satisfaction, some authors seem to use the terms job satisfaction and motivation interchangeably. However, the two concepts can also be viewed as separate concepts. Lawlers discrepancy theory suggests that a persons job satisfaction or dissatisfaction comes. Job satisfaction ppt free download as powerpoint presentation. Theories of job satisfaction and their impacts on workers.
Job satisfaction or employee satisfaction is a measure of workers contentedness with their job, whether or not they like the job or individual aspects or facets of jobs, such as nature of work or supervision. Job satisfaction ppt job satisfaction industrial and. A study of the relationships between job satisfaction and. Researchers have also noted that job satisfaction measures vary in the. Many theorists have tried to come up with an explanation for why people feel the way they do in regards to their job. Theories of job satisfaction job satisfaction motivation scribd. Correlation, partial correlation, and multiple linear regression analysis are used to test seminal theory that predicts relationships between job satisfaction and research productivity as a dimension of job performance.
Fulfilment theory was the first approach to develop. The theory was applied to a sample of 450 seniors from 4 areas of ontario. Job satisfaction can be defined generally as the degree to which individuals feel positively or negatively about their jobs. Job satisfaction is a type of satisfaction that describes the contentmenthappiness or cognitive attitude a worker or employee feels in doing the job or the task heshe is assigned olusegun, 2 011. Job satisfaction in organizational executives ijsrp. Theories of job satisfaction job satisfaction motivation.
The discrepancy theory is concerned on what the workers are expecting and. Theories of job satisfaction explained with example. Job satisfaction theories there are several theories related to job satisfaction. Awarding the financial benefit to employee without any prominent show also loses its importance. Job dissatisfaction and antagonistic relationship with co workers predict a variety of behaviors organizations fine undesirable including unionization attempts, substance abuse, stealing at work, undue socializing and.
Influential theories of job satisfaction include the facet model herzbergs motivatorhygiene. Several other main theories on job satisfaction attracting the attention of researchers include discrepancy theory of locke 1969, equity theory of adams 1965, and expectancy theory of vroom 1964. Further, the theory states that how much one values a given facet of work e. It utilized a survey design where job satisfaction was. Download as doc, pdf, txt or read online from scribd. Ppt employee satisfaction powerpoint presentation free to. Mitchell and lassen, 1987, there is a general consensus that job satisfaction is more deliberately researched topic.
Empirical studies have been confined to local situations or special populations with interpretive purposes reflecting the values of. An application of multiple discrepancies theory mdt to seniors. First, we describe the use of discrepancy theory in other disciplines relevant to is research. Established global measures include the job satisfaction scales and the overall job satisfaction scale. Lockes theory on job satisfaction lockes composite theory of job satisfaction is the product of many other concepts which he has developed through study and research on related topics such as goalsetting and employee performance. Job satisfaction is a very important attribute which is frequently measured by organizations. The happier the people are within their job, the more. This discrepancy can lead to anxiety or depression when considering ones work higgins, 1987. According to wexley and yukl, satisfaction and dissatisfaction with some work aspects depend on discrepancies between what an.
Discrepancy discrepancy theory job satisfaction is a. Some of the most important theories of job satisfaction and their impacts on workers are as follows. Springer nature is making coronavirus research free. Findings indicate that academics that produce more internationally accredited journals are relatively more job dissatisfied.
Equity theory and discrepancy theory developed later, partially as reactions against the shortcomings of fulfilment theory. Job satisfaction is a general attitude, which is the result of many specific. Another wellknown job satisfaction theory is the dispositional theory it is a very general theory that suggests that people have innate dispositions that cause them to have tendencies toward a certain level of satisfaction, regardless of ones job. Discrepancy scores derive measures of facet satisfaction by subtracting the. The main premise of this theory is that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what one has in. This study found moderate differences in correlations between communication and job satisfaction using a discrepancy framework when high, as opposed to low, valence rewards are communicated and significant differences in job satisfaction when high valence rewards are communicated versus when high valence rewards are not communicated. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of job mismatch on pay, job satisfaction, and performance of doctoral level researchers, based on the job environment fit theory. Job satisfaction is the outcome that up to what amount an employees work is considered as important and meaningful. Twofactor theory, the fourth approach, represents an attempt to develop a completely new approach to thinking about satisfaction. The theory proposes how a variety of selfdiscrepancies represents a variety of types of negative psychological situations that are associated with different kinds of discomfort. Academic library free online college e textbooks infoat 2014 2020. Another name of discrepancy theory is affect theory which is developed by edwin a. I, hamed alsemeri, declare that the dba thesis entitled the factors affecting job satisfaction.
In this chapter, we present the versatility of discrepancy theory in the explanation and prediction of satisfaction in is research models and show how to avoid many of the analytical pitfalls. The study analyzed 2273 sample data used in the survey, based on the 20 ph d. Concept that when people become aware of a deficiency in their competence they are motivated to learn, and the anxiety caused by the discrepancy between what they know and what they need to know drives them to make the required effort change of behavior. Research survey from the institute for science and technology policy stepi in korea. The main premise of this theory is that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what one has in a job. This theory measures ones job satisfaction by calculating the difference between something that is supposed to. Job satisfaction indicators and their correlates stanley e.
Models of job satisfaction the facet model maslows theory herzbergs motivatorhygiene theory the discrepancy model. Locke in 1976 and is considered the most famous job satisfaction model. The satisfaction turnover relationship also is affected by alternative job prospects. He suggested that the primary reaction the immediate emotional response combined with the secondary reaction the later emotional response creates a stabilized equilibrium which results in job satisfaction. Models of job satisfaction affect theory organizational behaviour. Discrepancy theor y described the study of inevitable irregularities of distributions, in measuretheoretic and combinatorial settings. Influence of work life balance on job satisfaction of. Effect of employee empowerment on job satisfaction at.
Likewise, his explanation of job satisfaction is in part, a response to some of herzbergs proposals. Empirical studies have been confined to local situations or special. Discrepancy theory describes job satisfaction in three aspects. Affective feelings toward a product or service will be inversely related to the magnitude of the discrepancy. These are fulfilment theory, discrepancy theory and motivator hygiene theory. Job satisfaction in law enforcement officers according to. Four approaches can be identified in the theoretical work on satisfaction. Job satisfaction enables an employee to have peace of mind and concentrate more on his job maher, 2008. This point of view on postusage evaluation was introduced in the literature discussing satisfaction under the form of the theory of assimilation. This dissertationopen access is brought to you for free and open access. Theories of job satisfaction theoretical framework job.
Job satisfaction is an important indicator of how employees feel about their job and a predictor of work behavior such as organizational, citizenship, absenteeism, turnover. There are several theories which explain job satisfaction. I test an extended discrepancy theory framework using data from the german socio. The last theory used to explain job satisfaction was proposed by landy. This dissertationopen access is brought to you for free and open access by the graduate college at scholarworks at wmu. Different types of job discrepancies and the moderating effect of family importance.
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